Module+5+Review

Erma.........Q's 17-20 done 5/30
Everybody answer Q's 21 & 22 done 6/5

Name: Module 5 Review Sheet What you need to know for Module 5 Exam: 1. What is potential energy? Energy that is stored. The capacity to do work work due to an object's location or arrangement of parts. The higher the object is above the ground the more energy is possesses. 2 . What is kinetic energy? Energy of motion. There are three types. Light, Sounds, and Temperature. 3. What are the first and second laws of thermodynamics? 1st Law: Energy that cannot be created or destroyed. Can be trasferred or moved from one object or location to another Can be transformed or changed from one form or another. 2nd Law: Energy tends to disperse spontaneously As chemical reactions occur in the human body, about 60% of the potential energy becomes heat. 4. What is chemical energy? Energy to the structure of molecules and the type of bonds connecting the atoms together; hydrogen bonds have less energy than covalent bonds, so are easier to break. 5. Draw energy diagrams for endergonic and exergonic reactions. Explain the energy content of products and reactants in each instance.

6. Give some examples of processes that are exergonic.
 * Burning a candle or a piece of wood. All of the stored energy is released as light and heat. **

7. ATP: Which has more energy, ATP, ADP, AMP?
 * ATP has the most energy, When a Phosphate is removed the energy is released and you have ADP, then AMP. **

8. What is phosphorylation?
 * A Phosphate-group transfer. **

9. Define oxidation and reduction. Give examples.

10. What is oxidized in cellular respiration? What is reduced?

11. Enzymes: know the mechanics of an enzymatic reaction. How does an enzyme make reactions proceed more easily? Define substrate, active site, allosteric inhibition, allosteric activation, competitive inhibition.

12. Know the peak pHs at which most enzymes operate.

13. What are some conditions that can denature an enzyme (which is a protein most of the time)?

14. What are cofactors?

15. What are coenzymes? Examples?

16. Where does oxygen get involved in Cellular Respiration?

17. Name 4 actions an enzyme takes to help the reaction proceed. 1. helps specific substrate molecules get together at their active site 2. 3.  4.

18. Know the three stages of cellular respiration.

1.Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain 19. For each stage, what is the starting reactant? 1. Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate improvement Glucose is starting molecule for glycolysis. 2. Krebs Cycle produce energy carrier molecules 3. Electron Transport Chain process that produces most of a cell's fuel in aerobic organisms.

Major products? 1. Glycolysis=Produces energy in the form of ATP. 2. Krebs Cycle=Carbon Ddioxide,Energy Carriers and ATP 3. Electron Transport Cycle=water (H2O) and energy (ATP) Energy produced? 1. Glycolysis energy produced is NADH and ATP are most produced. 2. Krebs cylce energy produced is 2 ATP, 2NADH, not much enegy 3. Electron Transport Chain energy produced are electrons from FADH2 and NADH are used to produce large amounts of ATP

20. Accounting summary for Aerobic Respiration I put in as much as I could find for the above summary, not sure on some of the #'s 21. How many ATP utilized to transport NADH into mitochondrion? 2 So, overall NET ATP? 2
 * || How many ATP? || How many NADH? || NADH converted to how many ATP? || How many FADH2? || FADH2 converted to how many ATP? ||
 * Glycolysis || 4 (2net) || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 ||
 * Krebs || 2 || 8 || 0 || 2 || 0 ||
 * Electron Transport Chain || 32 || 0 || 30 || 0 || 4 ||
 * Totals (ATP) || 36 || 10 || 30 || 2 || 4 ||

Explain the electron transport system. Enzymes and other molecules in a cell membrane that accept and give up electrons in sequence, thus releasing the energy of the elcetrons in small, usable increments. 22. Please explain the above process, using as much detail as you can. (hey, a lot of the detail is right there, so you explaining it is most of the points!) Elcteron Transport chain couples a chemical reaction between an electron donor (NADH) and an electron acceptor (O2) to the transfer of H+ ions across a membrane, through a set of mediating biochemical reactions. These H+ ions are used to produce ATP, the main energy intermediate in living organisms, as they move back across the membrane. Electrons transport chains are used for extracting energy from photosynthesis and form redox reactions such as the oxidation of sugars.