Chap+One

These are the lists from which the definition quizzes are based, so you need to know them in advance of the quiz on the chapter.
 * //DEFINITION LISTS://** For each chapter, there will be a list of vocabulary words.

//Definition Worksheet #1: Chapter 1 and Labs #1 & #2// Define the following key terms. 1. Metabolism: Enzyme-mediated chemical reactions cells get and use energy to buil rearrange and split organic compounds 2. Homeostasis: adaptation of organisms in internal enviro. to favor cell survival 3. Cell: smallest unit that can reproduce, has DNA, membrane, made of molecules 4. Tissue:Cells and substances working together in some organized way 5. Organ: Structural unit of two or more tissues that interact together 6. System (organ system): Organs working together, made of tissue layers 7. Organism: individual that consists of one or more cells 8. Population (species): group of individuals from same type of species in specified area 9. Community: all populations of all species in a specified area 10. Ecosystem: community interacting with its physical/chemical environment 11. Biosphere: all regions of Earth (crust, water atmosphere) where we live 12. Prokaryotic Cells: cells wih no nucleus (bacteria) 13. Eukaryotic Cells: cells with a nucleus (plants, animals 14. Evolution: Change in a line of descent 15. Dependent Variable: What is measured to determine effect, what is thought to vary during experiment 16. Independent Variable:Changed purposely (temp, sun), usually to determine affect on independent variable 17. Standardized Variable: Elimnates effect of anything that may influence dependent variable; kept equal in all treatments 18. Bias: Any effect or or interference that causes deviation in true results 19. Placebo Effect: "Since I took this pill, I'll feel better." Person's expectations cause a positive effect 20. Hypothesis: formal testable statement 21. Theory: A statement consistent with all evidence that hasn't been disproven, and spawns other scientific predictions. 22. Prefix: part placed before a word to change meaning 23. Suffix: word part placed at the end of word to modify meaning 24. Word Root: main part of word with fundamental meaning contained


 * CHAPTER 1: An Introduction to the Study of Biology**
 * 1.** **What is the definition of BIOLOGY?**

The study of life

2**. Matching: Choose the most appropriate definition for each term listed. (see pg. 4)**

1. __organ system F__ __2.__ cell E 3. __community H__ __4.__ ecosystem J 5. __molecule G__ __6.__ organelle C 7. __population (species) L__ __8.__ subatomic particle B 9. __tissue K__ __10.__ biosphere D 11. //__multi-celled organism A__// __12.__ organ M 13. __atom I__

__A. one or more tissues interacting as a unit__ __B. proton, neutron, or electron__ __C. a membrane-bound compartment within a cell that carries out a specialized function (e.g. mitochondrion)__ __D. all regions of Earth’s water, crust and atmosphere that hold organisms__ __E. the smallest unit of life capable of__ __surviving and reproducing on its own__ __F. organs interacting physically, chemically or both in some task__ __G. two or more atoms bonded together__ __H. all populations of all species occupying a specified area__ __I. the smallest unit of an element__ __that retains the properties of that element__ __J. a community interacting with its__ __physical environment (biotic interacting with abiotic)__ __K. an individual composed of different types of cells__ __L. a group of individuals //of the same//__ __//species// in a particular place at a__ __particular time__ __M. a group of cells that work together to__ __carry out a particular function__

__3 What is an EMERGENT PROPERTY?__

A property of a system that doesn't show up in any of its component parts (cells that live are made of nonliving molecules)

__4. **Using the terms below, rewrite them in order from smallest to largest**__ __**subatomic particle, atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, multi-celled organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere**__ __tissue, community, molecule, biosphere, organ system, organelle, ecosystem, atom, cell, population, subatomic particle, multi-celled organism, organ__

__5. **What is life?**__ __Please consult the section in BLUE ITALICS at the beginning of section 1.2 (text), and answer the following question: There is unity to all living things. All living things:__

__1. Continual input of energy and cycling of materials__ __2. Organisms sense and respond to change__ __3. DNA inherited from parents__ __4. Variation in traits__

__6. **Energy and Life’s Organization**__ __Please label the above diagram (from Figure 1.3, text). Why do living organisms need inputs of energy?__

( Energy Input ) \/ \/ ( Energy Output )
 * (--Producers) || /\ ( Nutrient ) ||
 * || ( Cycling ) \/ || (--Consumers---) ||  ||
 * || ( Cycling ) \/ || (--Consumers---) ||  ||

__Living organisms can generally be divided into one of two groups:__ __A. **Producers**____: use sunlight energy to construct sugars from carbon dioxide and water molecules (photosynthetic organisms)__ __B.__ **Consumers**: these organisms cannot make their own food, so they eat producers and other organisms. //Animals// eat producers or other consumers; //Decomposers// are consumers that feed on wastes or remains of organisms.

Can **nutrients** be recycled between producers and consumers? Explain.
 * Analysis of the energy flow in living systems:**


 * Yes. Decomposers feed off waste from consumers, turning into absorbable nutrients for Producers.**

Why is the energy flow from the sun down through producers and consumers considered a ONE WAY flow?


 * The energy turns into heat, which does not produce nutrients**

What happens to energy that is lost in this series of energy transfers?


 * It turns into heat**

What happens when you eat sugar (describe the changes that occur inside of your body)? Explain how receptors are involved, and also how the body maintains homeostasis as we put sugar into our guts.


 * Your blood sugar rises, and receptors in the pancreas bond to the sugar, signaling cells in the body to take up sugar faster.**

What is DNA, and why is it so important?


 * DNA is the signature molecule of life . It is the basis of growth, survival, and reproduction in organisms**


 * 7.** **Life’s Diversity**

The above chart shows the 3 domains of life. Within the domain Eukarya, what are the four kingdoms of Eukarya? 1. **Protists** 2. **Plants** 3. **Fungi** 4. **Animals** Using Table 1.1, please compare life’s three domains: Domain Characteristics Examples most ancient lineage || Magnetotactic bacterium spiral cyanbacteria (bacteria that lives on skin) || Evolutionarily closer to eukaryotes. || methane-producing cells hypothermal vent ||
 * Bacteria || single cell, prokaryotic (no nucleus)
 * Archaea || single cell, prokaryotic
 * Eukarya || single cell and multicelled species || protists, plants, fungi, animals, parasites, lizards, seaweed ||


 * 8.** **Evolution by natural selection**

How can organisms be so much alike and still show tremendous diversity? They are alike in certain aspects of their body form, function, and behavior, but the details of such traits differ from one individual to the next. What is a **mutation**? Small scale changes in DNA.

Charles Darwin asserted three principles relating to the evolution of traits in organisms: 1. Natures population tends to increase in size.

2. Individuals of a population differ from one another in the details of shared traits.

3. Adaptive forms of traits make their bearers more competitive, so those forms tend to become more common over generations.

What is the difference between natural and artificial selection?

Natural selection is the variation in heritable traits influnces differential survival and reproduction of individuals of a population. "Survival of the fittest". Artificial selection is one form of a trait favored over others under contrived, manipulated conditions.

9. The Nature of Biological Inquiry Erma

should exist if the hypothesis is not wrong. “if” hypothesis is correct “then” the prediction holds. || If tests confirm prediction, then this lends evidence in support of the hypothesis. If tests disprove prediction, then the hypothesis may be flawed. ||
 * **Observe** || some aspect of nature ||
 * Question || frame a question that relates to your observation ||
 * **Hypothesis** || **a testable answer to your question** ||
 * || **a testable explanation of the observed phenomenon or process** ||
 * **Prediction** || Using hypothesis as a guide, make a statement of some condition that
 * **Test** || Devise experiments. Experiments may be performed on a model if experiments directly with a subject is not possible ||
 * **Results** || Assess results of the tests.
 * **Repeat** || Repeat to strengthen probability that hypothesis is strong. ||
 * **Report** || Report all steps of experiment as well as conclusions to scientific community ||

Why is critical thinking so important in science?

How is the word THEORY defined in science?

Complete the following table using information from your text:
 * ===Experiments - **all tests that can support or falsify a prediction** === ||  ||
 * ===Variable - **a charicteeristic that differs among individuals or events** === ||  ||
 * ===Experimental group - a **set of individuals that have a certain characteristic or receive a certain treatment** === ||  ||
 * ===Control group - **is identical to experimental group except for one variable, the charatistic being tested** === ||  ||

Matching exercise: match the definition in the first column with the term in the second column.

1.a test that can support or falsify a prediction **A-scientific experiment** 2. a statement of some condition that should exist if the hypothesis is not wrong **C-prediction** 3. a testable answer to some question or observation **E- hypothesis** 4. Identical with an experimental group in all respects //except// for the one variable being studied. **D- control group**

5. A hypothesis that has not been disproven even after years of tests. **F- scientific theory**

6. a characteristic that differs among individuals or events **B-variable**

A. scientific experiment

B. variable

C. prediction

D. control group

E. hypothesis

F. scientific theory

1. The human body has the ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment. This ability is called **D** a. adaptation. b. inheritance. c. metabolism. d. homeostasis.
 * Sample Test Questions for Chapter 1 and Labs 1-4:**

2. A boy is color-blind just like his grandfather was, even though his mother had normal vision. This situation is the result of **B- INHERITANCE** a. adaptation. b. inheritance. c. metabolism. d. homeostasis.

3. The digestion of food, the production of ATP by photosynthesis and respiration, the construction of the body’s proteins, reproduction of cells, and the contraction of a muscle are all activities associated with **C- METABOLISM** a. adaptation. b. inheritance. c. metabolism. d. homeostasis.

4. The experimental group and control group are identical except for **B-THE VARIABLE BEING STUDIED** a. the number of variables studied. b. the variable being studied c. the sample size of each group d. the number of experiments performed on each group.

5. While walking through a park in your neighborhood you notice the well maintained cobblestone pathway, many beautiful trees, several squirrels running about, a spider’s web with a huge spider, a couple playing with their dog and a nice fountain. The park would best be described as **D - An Ecosystem** a. a species b. a community c. an organism **d. an ecosystem** e. none of the above

6. A testable explanation of some natural phenomena that has not been disproven even after years of repeated tests **C - Hypothesis** a. control b. theory d. prediction
 * c. hypothesis**

7. TRUE-**FALSE**: A population consists of all the living organisms in a specific area. **False**

8. Which of the following is considered a characteristic of living organisms? **E - All of the above are characteristics of living organisms** a. they have the ability to grow and develop with time b. they store genetic instructions in DNA molecules c. they survive by metabolism (they utilize energy) d. they reproduce
 * e. all of the above are characteristics of living organisms**

Use the following situation to answer questions 9-11. You are studying the effect of temperature on food spoilage and want to know at which temperature food will stay fresh the longest. You place the food in different incubators set to different temperatures and allow the food to remain undisturbed for several weeks after which time you observe the amount of spoilage.

9. In this experiment, the //incubators set at different temperatures// would be the **B - Independent variable** a. dependent variable c. standardized variable
 * b. independent variable**

10. In order to get the best data, or the most reliable results from this experiment, which of the following would you suggest be done? a.test different foods at different levels of “ripeness”, for different lengths of time, and at different levels of humidity all at the same time. b.do the experiment only once to lessen the chance that you make an error. c.set all the incubators to the same temperature to increase the sample size. d.allow the food to stay in the incubators for only one day to lessen the chance of contamination
 * E - Repeat the experiment at least 3 times.**
 * e.repeat the experiment at least 3 times.**

11. What type of graph would better present this data? **B - Bar graph** a. line graph
 * b. bar graph**

12. Which of the following depend **directly** on sunlight for energy? **A - Producers** b. consumers c. decomposers d. none of the above
 * a. producers**

13. **TRUE** or FALSE: Double blind studies (experiments) are done to eliminate the placebo effect of the people taking part in an experiment. **True**

Use the chart from Experiment 3 to help you answer questions 14-17.

14. What is the length in micrometers of an object that measures 28.0 mm in length? **D - 28,000.** a. 280. b. 0.00028 c. 0.0028 e. 0.028
 * d. 28,000.**

15. If an object measures 28.0 centimeters, what is the length in millimeters? **A - 280.** b. 0.00028 c. 0.0028 d. 28,000. e. 0.028
 * a. 280.**

16. How many cc’s are there in 1/8 cup? **E - 30** a. 240 b. 120 c. 80 d. 60
 * e. 30**

17. How many drops are in 1/2 teaspoon? **C-60** a. 3 b. 15 c. 30 **d. 60** e. 80

18. True or **False** : A combining vowel (usually the letter O) is used before suffixes that also begin with a vowel. **False**

19. **True** or False: It is possible to change the meaning of a medical word by changing the suffix, but not by changing the prefix. **True**

20. True or **False** : When defining a medical word, always define the prefix first. **False**